Variations
on the Concept of Traumatism: Traumatism, Traumatic,
Traum
Thierry Bokanowski
Summary: In this paper, the author outlines Freud's
fundamental hypotheses concerning the concept of traumatism,
then goes on to differentiate three notions (French
being a particularly apposite language for such a
venture): traumatism, traumatic (in a substantive
sense) and trauma. These three terms correspond to
the three turning points in Freud's theory with respect
to the concept of traumatism (1895-97, 1920 and 1938).
The author evokes also the developments that are due
to Ferenczi, particularly in his later writings (1928-1933),
where he defined and discussed the question of trauma
in contemporary clinical practice; the paper goes
on to explore the different "variations"
on this theme as regards mental functioning. The author
then defines, from a metapsychological point of view,
the differences between traumatisms that have been
worked over by secondary processes, organized and
governed by the pleasure-unpleasure principle ("traumatism")
and early or primary traumatisms, which interfere
with the process of binding the instinctual drives
("trauma"); states of mind influenced by
a traumatic imprint ("traumatic") are looked
upon as belonging to both categories of more developed
traumatisms. A clinical example illustrates the author's
hypotheses.
Keywords: auto-narcissistic splitting, defusion
of the instinctual drives, despair destructiveness,
Hilflosigkeit (helplessness), mental pain, pleasure-unpleasure
principle, primary distress
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The
basic traumatic situation in the analytical situation
Raul Hartke
Summary: The author attempts to develop a concept
on psychic trauma that will respect the Freudian notion
nucleus on this matter, i.e., exceedingly non-processed
excitement through the mental apparatus, but that
will also consider the objects’ functions and
crucial role in constituting psychism and in traumatic
conditions, as well as take into consideration the
methodological stance of which the analytical relation
is the only location that enables the psychoanalyst’s
observation, inference and intervention. He considers
as a minimal or basic traumatic psychoanalytical situation
the one in which magnitude or quality of emotions
exceeds the analytical pair’s capacity of containment,
to the point of generating a period or area of dismentallization
in the psychism of one or both participants to the
point of needing an analytical work in that respect
and promoting a significant change – positive
or negative- in the relationship.
Utilizing Bion’s theory on alpha function and
Freud and Green’s meta psychological conceptions
over psychic representations, he presents two theoretical
propositions in relation to this traumatic situation
by using them according to Bion’s model on “
altered focus”. Three clinical samples illustrate
the concept and pertinent theoretical formulations.
Key-words: psychic trauma, psychoanalytical
relationship, containment, alpha-function, psychic
representation, dementalisation, psychical disinvestments,
psychoanalytical investigation.
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Specificity
of Torture as Trauma
Marcelo N. Viñar
Summary:
The author attempts to establish the specificity of
Torture – as an expression of political violence
and of the totalitarian state – in the historical
landmark of concept of Trauma in psychoanalysis.
In the simultaneous proposition of mind’s social
bond, intra-psychic and transpersonal aspects of harm
intertwine in a complex and singular weave.
The author dismantles the idea of the victim as stigmatizing
and incorrect. The object of the study is not only
to identify the consequences and the incapacity of
the affected ones, but to integrate such experience
and its report to a life project.
Further than an individual psychopathology, reflection
points to –following the Freudian axe on Mass
Psychology and Analysis of the Ego- the study of suggestion
and hypnosis phenomena that operate in human groups
in ordinary situations and that exacerbate in social
crisis conditions.
Keywords: concentration camp, human, narrative,
politic, torture, trauma, violence, victim, word.
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Los
degradados, outward, downward, death, transmitted
and inflicted trauma, as found in a 6 year-old girl’s
analysis
James M. Herzog
Summary: The author describes a girl’s analysis
reporting two sessions that occurred during the eighth
month and the third year of the psychoanalytical process.
Play and games, fantasies and dialogues in this experience
are carefully described. The author reports on how
he gradually discovers with his patient, different
past traumas, its different layers and how he proposes
a discrimination process within the dramatic emotional
turbulence established in the session. In this manner
he relates his games and his fantasies to traumas
in the past, experienced by family members and recurrent
in the analytical room. The author highlights two
series of traumas, the first one relates to traumas
experienced by the patient’s parents, as they
had to hurriedly leave their country of origin due
to political matters and were obliged to emigrate
to the United States. The other one refers to traumas
experienced by the mother and her family of origin
during the Holocaust and by the father’s family,
of Marrano jews that arrived to South America some
generations ago as “Degradados”. Through
a gradual revelation of different traumatic situations
both in the analytical pair as in the family, a process
involving the discrimination between the past traumatic
situation and the present one occurs. Likewise, a
situation involving traumatic complicity between patient
and mother is revealed and clarified. The outcome
of the work is to free the patient of the overload
imposed by the described family emotional situation,
enabling in this way a normal development for her
genuine and real needs. Still, the author points to
the possibility that an inflicted or transmitted trauma,
might in fact still be a covering layer of another
trauma, this one more profound and more disturbing,
using the exposed case as an example that justifies
this idea.
Key words: transmitted trauma, traumatic character,
interactive enactment, enactment, the role of the
father, trangenerational trauma, modulation and organization
of aggression, affective regulation and dysregulation
in the family, accompaniment in child analysis, incestuous
legacy, sexualized interaction, eroticized relationship
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Psychoanalytical
Retraumatization
Alexandre Kahtalian*
Summary:
This clinical and theoretical paper discusses the
elements that interfere in the analytical pair creating
retraumatization. It highlights the difficulties to
understand that the analytical process through the
point of view of Intersubjectivity gives the analiyst
a better position to make a successful analytical
encounter within the perspective of getting an assymmetric
aproach. It also discusses the Negative Therapeutic
Reaction and the Resistence which are present when
the analyst´s own subjective presence is not
perceived in the process, becoming a traumatizing
trigger in the analysis of his patients.
Key words: trauma, retraumatization, intersubjectivity,
countertransference
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Trauma
and Construction of Subjectivity
José Nepomuceno**
Summary:
The author presents a dialogue between trauma and
subjectivity, pointing to sexuality as an element
that allows such bond. He equally presents through
the consideration of the intra-uterine and the body,
a possibility that the birth trauma might have a consistent
psychic value and in this manner become a support
for the effective construction of subjectivity. In
general terms, trauma is considered in its instinctive
dimension and as a structuring condition, potencially
committed to life. Freud is the major theoretical
reference utilized, combined with other authors. A
clinical vignette is presented in order to partially
illustrate the paper’s ideas.
Key words: trauma, construction of subjectivity,
sexuality, helplessness.
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Traum
Celmy de A. A. Quilelli Corrêa**
Summary:
The author follows the theory of trauma in the work
of Freud with clinical examples and images of contemporary
traumatic situations, relating them to the various
moments of Freudian and Ferenczian thought. Proposes
a conceptual rescue necessary for more precision and
ease in the dialogue between psychoanalysts. Suggests
the importance of transparency in the clinical presentation
of current authors with the same concerns.
Key words: traum, deferred action, traum theories
in Freud, Ferenczi, Thalassa, traum and narcisistic
wounds.
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The
Psicanalítical Clinic of the Trauma.
Luís Carlos Menezes
Summary:
The author comments on trauma in the clinical setting
by taking four previously sent papers to the Revista
as references. He highlights the action exerted by
someone over the individual and the “non-said”
or the refusal in getting to know it. Trauma effects,
while becoming present in the analytical situation,
have to be recognized and contained by language, which
is the necessary condition to be transformed into
memory.
Clinical vignettes from different authors are examined
in this perspective.
Considerations are made in relation to the great scale
violence in recent history, discussed in one of the
papers, particularly dedicated to trauma as a consequence
of torture. Some ideas which are based in the Freudian
theory of narcissism are presented in the prolonged
discussion over the Evil under the psychoanalytical
viewpoint.
Key words: trauma, language, genocide, torture, narcisism
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Freudian theory of trauma revisited
Miguel de la Puente
Summary:
Based in freudian approach and using some lacanian
concepts, the autor brings to aim various types of
traumas: philogenics and physicals, the primary repression
trauma, those of first identifications traumas and
the psychoneurosis trauma. After critical reflection
stablishes concerns about the matter of the pure trauma;
the psychoneurosis trauma that involves the posteriority
theory and the complementary series; the trauma and
the Oedipus complex; the recapture of the traumatic
neurosis; and the death instinct inspiring the traumatic
theory to, at lafty, compose some concerns with respect
the trauma effects on the pratice of the pos-modernity
times.
Key words: Concept of trauma, types of trauma , evolution
of concept of trauma, pure trauma, death instinct
and trauma.
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Sublimation in Treatment and Theory
Francesco Conrotto
Summary:
Even if sublimation is almost absent in modern psychoanalytical
conceptualisation, it is useful to understand it both
in some transformations which happen in the psychoanalytic
process and in the process of human civilization.
The author, starting from Freud, suggests the thesis
that in sublimation it is not sexual themes that are
excluded by knowledge but it is the sexual enjoyment
of the object which is substituted by the “representation
of the representation” of the object in order
to know it. This implies that sublimation is strictly
linked to the process of the symbolisation and to
the genesis of the sexual drives of life. Therefore
it is possible make the hypothesis of a “primary
sublimation” which is followed by a “secondary
sublimation” linked to the passing of the Oedipus
Complex. The author concludes asserting that these
transformations repeat themselves in the psychoanalytic
situation because the setting is a situation of sublimation
where, if the analyst is the custodian of the setting,
he represents a model of identification on the side
of the sublimation.
Key words: primary and secondary sublimation; sublimation
process linked to simbolization process; psychoanalitic
situation as sublimatory situation.
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