The author focuses the difficulties that, according to his point of view, can harm the transmission and practice of the psychoanalytic method in the Psychoanalysis institutes, describing some intrinsic characteristics of institutions, periods and current patients. He points out the need to re-context and to re-define the teaching of Psychoanalysis, facing the present difficulties, adapting it to new theories, enriching and enlarging the Freudian metapsychology with the contribution of other sciences. He evokes authors and historical moments of the psychoanalytic movement, bringing an essay of proposals to be discussed.

The present social changes that burden one's daily life with a sense of both urgency and similarity that don't match, in one hand, with our clinical practice, and in the other hand, with our theoretical foundations. However, this is not the major obstacle to Psychoanalysis; dealing with intimacy has always been a hard work.
As psychoanalysts, we are promoters, and also we actively take part in a necessary revolution, which create men who show a greater sense of being free and creative, fully responsible over their own destiny.
Inserting Psychoanalysis in every social activity is becoming increasingly necessary and possible. The main issue is not to lose our uniqueness.

Carlos Drummond de Andrade´s ideas on the vastness of the world and on rhymes and solutions are used by the author as an approach to issues involving the termination of analysis. "No Ego can embrace the vastness of the Id" is the principal axis used to show that in analysis the Idea of cure is more related to the poetry´s idea of rhymes than with the Idea of a solution. The capacity of transforming "poor rhymes" into "rich rhymes" is the very core of the analytical process; in other words, the aim of analysis should be to enable both the patient and the analyst to face the vastness of the world. Two clinical vignettes are used to illustrate the ideas above.

Initially, differences between criteria used to evaluate the validity of the psychoanalytic and the traditional scientific knowledge are considered . Afterwards, the recent occurrence of theoretical confluences among the most important psychoanalytical groups is acknowledged. It is also examined how these confluences seem to derive from the choice of those hypothesis, which are more effective in the clinical practice.
The epistemological value of this fact is considered and it is suggested that when the choice of hypothesis is achieved through this kind of inter group criticism, the resulting psychoanalytic knowledge tends to increase its consistency.
It is also considered how the extension of the investigation of this process of confluence may bring improvements at least to three areas: that of the exchange of experiences between psychoanalytic groups, in the analytical training and in the discussion about the kind of research that is convenient to psychoanalysis.

The author uses his own clinical material to illustrate recent developments in psychoanalytical theories.
The work is based upon four theoretical axles, that are dialectly organized: primitive emotional development, transference-counter transference and inter-subjectivity, Neuro-Psychoanalysis and clinical practice.

The author discusses current reasons that make it necessary to evaluate outcomes in Psychoanalysis. He describes two kinds of evaluation and suggests that the internal evaluation is the one that allows for a specifically analytic approach to treatment results. He then discusses some difficulties to evaluate outcomes and suggests possible criteria in order to do it.

The author performs a critical study on some papers of intersubjectivist chains, mainly by Jacobs, Ogden, Renik and Stolorow. The author reviews some papers of Hanly, Cavell and Wasserman. He remarks some questions referring to Ogden's " third object" and makes a brief summary of Brazilian production regarding inter subjectivity.

The author develops the Idea of the Encounter between two persons as an essential element for the positive development of a psychoanalytical process, arguing that this element goes beyond the transference-counter transference field.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the possibility of confluence of different theoretical ideas existing in the Psychoanalytical milieu. The author claims that it is necessary to have common grounds in Psychoanalysis to enable dialogue among schools. He sustains his ideas both based on some articles written by Freud answering questions raised by some dissidents like Jung and Adler and on some debates occurred in scientific meetings.
It is also suggested that the debate among different schools of Psychoanalysis develops the study of theory and of technique, therefore leading to a clinical efficacy.

The author discusses the difficulties in elaborating evaluation processes of Psychoanalysis in comparison with other therapies that are adequate to the current medical-psychiatric model. Starting with the ideas found in Isaías Pessotti's book, A Loucura e as Épocas, the author says that humanity has tried to organize the phenomenon of insanity in its various forms and organized its subjectivity around these explanations. In its beginnings, Psychoanalysis sought the comprehension of clinical mental cases under the subjectivity inherited from the Enlightenment and consistent with the Psychiatry of the times. The organicism of Psychiatry lacked neurophysiological proof and the complexity of Psychoanalysis met the more complex subjective demands of the twentieth century. In the seventies, there was a shift in the current subjectivity due to demands in demonstrating results and efficacy. The developments in neuroscience and psychopharmacology, as well as thefrustrations in analytical experiences compelled Psychoanalysis to a great revision in its methodology and a preoccupation with the elaboration of evaluating processes.
He also discusses the specific difficulties in Psychoanalysis' evaluating processes, especially as to the intense participation of the subjective aspects and the existence of several theoretical and clinical schools of thought which interpret concepts in different ways. From the starting point of two clinical situations, the author suggests an evaluating reference through the perception of affects involved in the development of the therapeutic relationship.
A discussion of evaluation processes in Psychoanalysis as compared to psychotherapy follows. Finally, the author introduces two clinical situations to show what are the quantitative and qualitative differences between the two therapies.

Specificities are searched, initially, for supportive psychotherapies (use of positive transference as a vehicle for suggestion, without concern over unconscious motivations) and re -educative psychotherapies (insight at conscious and preconscious levels, searching for connections between inadequate solutions and errors that sustain them). In sequence the specificities of psychoanalysis proposed by some authors including Freud, ending with Bion are revised. I present my contribution about specificity of analytic relationship considering the perception of oscillation between counter transference interfering with the state of analyst's free floating attention as peculiar, whose recovery requires self-analysis. Later, I consider characteristics of Psychoanalysis compared with psychoanalitic psychoterapy. I utilize my Escala Diagnóstica Adaptativa Operacionalizada (EDAO) [Operacionalized Scale for Diagnosing Adaptation) to suggest two modalities of psychoanalytic psychotherapy: for severe groups and median groups.

The author writes about the main controversies surrounding current Psychoanalysis. The first comes from culture, influenced by technology, consumption and urgent gratification, which leads to an emotional and conscious superficiality, causing resistance to be in touch with subjectivity.
The second comes from new forms of therapy and esoteric practices, with its promises of more efficient and quicker cures compared to psychoanalysis.
The third comes from neuroscience which, through the use of psychiatric medicine supposes the failure of psychoanalysis in dealing with psychic problems.
The author reflects upon theses matters, acknowledging the contributions of others. He stresses the need for psychoanalysts not to neglect these controversies but to examine them deeply and to establish a dialogue with them, in order to foster the development of Psychoanalysis.

In this work we discuss the psychoanalytic method, from its creation by Sigmund Freud to later developments due to associates of Melaine Klein, in particular Wilfried Bion.
We focus on the semiotic study of psychoanalytic practice, with particular attention given to the questions of observation and investigation. As a preliminary to this objective we expound the ideas of Charles Sanders Peirce concerning the sciences and semiotics.
In order to better represent the object of study, we have constructed a diagram of a randomly chosen psychoanalytic session in order to study the semiose which occurs there. Applying this procedure to a larger and more varied collection of cases may make the approximation between Psychoanalysis and Semiotics more reliable, helping to produce a mutual enrichment through an interdisciplinary approach.

Most authors think that globalization is a very important phenomenon that produces a great amount of problems for mankind. Many of them are optimistic about that and others are pessimistic. Globalization affects psychological structure of people and its manifestations are detected in psychoanalytical clinical work. Psychoanalysis itself, its institutions and organizations, are affected by the ideology associated to this global occurrence. Psychoanalysis does not believe in cultures free of suffering, but its conceptions about human beings and its ethics do not permit neutral positions about social transformations. This paper presents economic and social facts aboutglobalization and discusses the consequences of international capitalism supported by new technologies in contemporary subjectivity. In order to manage the every day clinical work and to be loyal to their ethics, psychoanalysts have to be aware about these social and cultural matters that participate in the building up of everybody's psychic reality.

Summary
The investigation of dreams phenomenon by the Neuroscience has brought an understanding about the localization and the cerebral dynamic functions. However, the results of these researches could not be worked by all the neuroscientists under a common reference about the nature of the psychic phenomenon. To most of the neuroscientists that do not have contact with the unconsciosness and the unconscious phenomena, the work on dreams is reduced to the neurobiological, neurophysiological works of the REM sleep. Other neuroscientists with psychoanalytical fundamentals consider that there is a clear separation between the dream phenomena and sleep phenomena, that bring the possibility of the apprehension of the meaning of the localization and the dynamics with the functions of dreams, its contents and constituent elements of the dreams, as conceived by Freud.
To the author, the results of the neuroscientific investigation confirm Freud's brilliant hypothesis about the dreams and allows him to think about a substratum that was present not only in the work of dreams but also in all his psychoanalytical theories.

The interest in the relationship between mind and body as well as in dreams has accompanied Psychoanalysis since Freud. But the latest decades with their crises and yearnings for progress have witnessed in several frontiers an increased mobilization of psychoanalysts who are striving in interdisciplinary dialogues on these questions and other.
Remarkable advances in neurosciences are opening very hopeful perspectives of interchanges with psychoanalysis.
This paper aims to give a brief overview on such perspectives to apply it to problems concerning dreams.

At first this paper describes a revision about historical, conceit, determination factors and the mutual relations among the mental, organic and environmental processes that surround the psychosomatic phenomenon.
After, some contributions of distinct authors, as Freud, M. Klein, Lacan, Bion and others are detached.
The author detaches the important clinical problem of "pain", the factors of the processing and the clinical psychosomatic repercussion.
At last, the author describes some specific aspects of the technical practice with those patients.

Pregnant adolescents are presented as psychoanalytical and social problems. From the two cases exposed, the author discusses the relationship between Psychoanalysis and Public Health. Next the possibility of applying Psychoanalysis in other conditions is demonstrated, besides the dual analytical treatment. Some situations are taken into consideration, where the psychoanalytical contribution may be important. The value of qualitative research and Balint's contribution are also emphasized.

The author develops the proposed subject trying to emphasize the need to guide the transmission of psychoanalitical knowledge to the Community, without neglecting the strictness of the psychoanalyst's training.
He presents three experiences of his own in the field of community work in a municipal district with 600.000 inhabitants, as well as treatment strategies employed by professionals under psychoanalytical supervision.

The author understands contemporary culture as "The Culture of Narcissism", as studied by Christopher Lasch, who approached the subject here articulated to Heinz Kohut's theories on narcissism, allowing the understanding of the various characteristics of contemporary man, including the phenomenon of body worship. He discusses the social pressure on individuals as to the quest for an unattainable ideal body conformed to current models, as seen in Jurandir Freire Costa's paper on narcissism and violence while also developing what he considers to be the most pertinent interpretation of the myth of Narcissus. In this context, what is perceived, is that the body has become a source of virtual pleasure if it reproduces the almost always unattainable esthetic model, and a source of torment if experienced as unsatisfactory from the current esthetic point of view and also of the cultural pressure to pursue health and avoid sickness (here equated to old age and death). He suggests that we are closer than we realize to so-called "primitive" cultures in the use of the body as a screen to be exhibited, much in the manner of the Nazi esthetics of "Hitler's motion-picture director" Leni Riefenstahl.
Further on, he presents summaries of clinical situations in which body topics were prevalent as compared to other analyses: cases appropriated by the psychosomatic theories of conversive symptoms, hypochondriacal developments, possible negation of physical disease, nosofobia, bulimia, alexitimia and devaluated self-image. The author also proposes that the more recent situations in clinical psychoanalysis, must be approached in a search for the singularity of each individual, as should also be the psychoanalytical listening of the patients' speech, looking beyond the pathological structural classification.

The importance granted to love, to individuality, to emotional and economic independence and mainly, to sexual pleasure in a globalized world, which spins in a never imagined speed, it has disclosed the couple's relationship, in these last years, to a greater extend of demands.
Thus, keeping in mind this reality, the author seeks out a psychoanalytic approach on the theme of present marriage and its implications for the male and female identity structuring.
With this aim, he studies the relations of identity regarding sex, marriage relationship, economic power, paternity function, pos-modernity and also role changes due to new family configurations.

Taking the Rio Carnival as the scenario and using a television programme as her basis, the authoress proposes that the constitution of identity in articulation with image exposes its socio-historical dimension. In this manner, comprehension of the contemporary subjectivities implies consideration of the current capitalism and its consumption relations, including biotechnology. She presents the Brazilian identity supported by the paradigmatic image of the Carnival in order to deal with the use of silicone mammary prostheses as a revealer of change in the subjects and their relations. The couple today has lost the secure references of the past -albeit bothersome and tedious - proving to have plurality in their new organizations. In these the narcissistic configurations of the subjects and their failings come to the surface more easily. For the purpose of exemplification, the authoress denounces the misleading propaganda of television couple X, who, in a perversion of the Pygmalion myth, announces that love is for sale and that happiness may be bought, appealing to the narcissistic desires of beauty, perfection and eternity present in all of us.

The author emphasizes the relationship between socioeconomic changes, technological revolution, beliefs and symbolic system changes, including kinship relations. Among them, the main focus is on exclusive maternal parenthood. The first one refers to cultural differences and the second, to dilemmas related to applications of new technologies on human reproduction. This paper discusses some questions over the psychoanalytical theory brought by those changes.

The speed at which technology, science, biochemistry, modern genetics, the techniques of reproduction and cloning, information technology and globalization advance generate on man a vertiginous acceleration of his omnipotence and omniscience and deceleration regarding universal and eternal realities: his birth, his life, his perception of differences and his path to death.
The mythical yearning for androgyny generate "monsters", combined internal objects (Klein) or bizarre ones (Bion), acting on the psychism of members of family nucleus, obstructing the triangulation, propitious space for symbolization. These figures that agglutinate themselves, provoking confusions in identity constitution of each member of family nucleus, either on sexual identity or on generation gap are problems to which Psychoanalysis should give attention and that I try to explicit in the epigraph of this work aiming to think about the use we can make of technology and science in this early century.
I would like to highlight the importance of the configuration of the Oedipean myth on the human psychism and the constitution of the triangular space as a milestone in the developmental process. In the constitution of this space the father figure or the masculine operates as a point of equilibrium and equidistance between the child and the mother or the feminine, obstructing the fusion and confusion between both them, giving birth to the perception of differences and symbolization.
Within my work I concentrate on three vertexes: a) the mythical vertex, emphasizing two ancestral mythical figures: the Teban sphinx, enigmatic and devouring and the Egyptian sphinx, guardian of kings' tomb; b) the psychoanalytical theory vertex; c) the psychoanalytical clinic focusing Dario's story, the boy who had dumbness symptoms at school. By means of his analysis and graphic production, hetells us his drama in the attempt to configurate his triangular space and his Oedipean situation in his family.

Following the assumption that psychoanalysis should search investigative methods that better suit its field, the article concisely presents the characteristics of qualitative research, suggesting the need for a deeper knowledge of such methods, so that they can be more properly used in psychoanalytic research. Next, the article discusses the clinical material of a child suffering from Pervasive Developmental Disorder, offering both psychoanalytical and ethological approaches, as examples of the many possibilities of a qualitative study in psychoanalysis.

I consider that the investigation method occupies a prime position in relation to the three senses of Psychoanalysis proposed by Freud - investigation method, form of treatment and theory. I also consider Psychoanalysis an empiric science, remitting the representation of the empiric, particularly, to the field of transference.
According to Cooper, empiric research consists of a systematic study of any phenomenon realized through a methodology that permits some kind of statistic analysis and that provides elements that enable others to try to repeat the experience. Wallerstein and Green illustrate exemplarily the polemics that this conception of empiric research raises in Psychoanalysis. Herrmann considers that supposed empiric research in Psychoanalysis is an attempt to the imitation of the positivist model of eradication of the researcher's interpretative deviation, what directs this kind of search is the fascination for quantitative experiments, which is nothing but a certain nostalgia of the natural science, the desire to substitute the psychoanalytic method for the method of quantitative verification. Mezan however, traces two directions to the research in Psychoanalysis: the slope included in university programs, in which the object of research is mainly constituted by texts and the slope of the form of production of Freud's, Kohut's and Green's psychoanalytic knowledge. The internal cohesion, the communicability, the verificability and the cumulativity relate Psychoanalysis to the scientific formulations and the aspects of therapeutic practice relate it to the arts and jewelry. Birman's contribution to the debate values, on one hand, the psychoanalytic space, not for its outwardness but for the basic dimension of the psychoanalytic process and on another, the interdisciplinary to the advance of the psychoanalytic knowledge, affirming that it is the psychoanalytic experience that defines the direction of the research in Psychoanalysis and also admits several possibilities of clinic.
Through my research experience and the theoretic reflection in psychoanalytic research showed, I insert myself in this debate taking Freud's stand: if the experience is based on the fundamental concepts of Psychoanalysis - the unconscious, the resistance and the transference - any line of investigation has the right to call itself psychoanalytic. Finally, it's primarilyly a matter of quality and not of quantity.